Class 5: Scraping Web Data 1 - BeautifulSoup & HTML

Class 5: Scraping Web Data 1 - BeautifulSoup & HTML#

Come in. Sit down. Open Teams.
Make sure your notebook from last class is saved.
Open up the Jupyter Lab server.
Open up the Jupyter Lab terminal.
Activate Conda: module load anaconda3/2022.05
Activate the shared virtual environment: source activate /courses/PHYS7332.202510/shared/phys7332-env/
Run python3 git_fixer2.py --ignore FILEPATH1_TO_IGNORE, FOLDER_TO_IGNORE/
Github:
- git status (figure out what files have changed)
- git add … (add the file that you changed, aka the _MODIFIED one(s))
- git commit -m “your changes”
- git push origin main

Goals of today’s class#

Learn how websites work (at a very high level).
Figure out basic principles of scraping; learn some useful tricks for scraping.

How do websites work?#

What is the “backend” of a website?#

The backend of a website has a bunch of moving parts. Content probably lives in a database (or, more likely these days, several databases). There are servers (big computers) with functions that are responsible for getting content from the databases and sending it, in a machine-readable format, to the frontend. This functionality is called an API, or Application Programming Interface. It is (generally speaking) how computers request and get data.

What is the “frontend” of a website?#

The frontend of a website is where you, the human user, see the content. The frontend takes the big chunk of content sent from the server via the API and puts it into a nice, pretty format. This is what you see as “the website.” The way that websites typically display content is via a combination of HTML (hypertext markup language) templates and Javascript, for the interactive features.

HTML#

HTML is a programming language that people use to make webpages. It consists of elements that can be nested within each other. Elements are indicated with tags; typically there are open tags (<p>) and close tags (</p>) that surround the contents of an element. Browsers read HTML and use the tags to figure out how to display content; you don’t see the raw HTML when you use a browser (though you can do so using the “inspect element” feature). Here is an example of a (very bare-bones) HTML file:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head><h1>This is a header!</h1></head>
<body>

<h2>This is a heading!</h2>

<p>And this is a paragraph</p>

</body>
</html>

Let’s see what this looks like in our notebook!

from IPython.display import display, HTML

my_html_string = """
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head><h1>This is a header!</h1></head>
<body>

<h2>This is a heading!</h2>

<p>And this is a paragraph</p>

</body>
</html>
"""
display(HTML(my_html_string))

This is a header!

This is a heading!

And this is a paragraph

Here’s an example with a link and an image:

now_with_link = """
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head><h1>This has a link!</h1></head>
<p>
<a href="https://northeastern.edu">This is a link</a>
</p>
<img src="images/whale.jpg" alt="this is a whale" width=200 height=200>
"""
display(HTML(now_with_link))

This has a link!

This is a link

Obviously most websites are more fancy than that, but at their core, when you visit them, HTML is being generated – and you can look at it with your computer instead of via your browser. The act of looking at web pages via your computer (i.e. programatically) instead of via a conventional browser is called scraping, and it’s not super hard to do!

Ways to access a website#

Visiting the website via a browser#

Pros:

Does not require that much specialized knowledge.
Is how you’re generally encouraged to use websites.
Easy to understand what you’re looking at.

Cons:

Does not scale well (if you’re trying to look at 5000 webpages, this is not a good approach)

Using a website’s API#

Pros:

Much faster
Scales better
Output is easily machine-readable

Cons:

The API exists because the website’s owner allows it to exist (see: Twitter/X).
Might cost money
Might have rate limits
Output is not easy to read if you are a human

Scraping a website#

Pros:

Also scales pretty well
Does not require the goodwill of a website’s owner
Scraping publicly accessible data is legal in the US

Cons:

You run the risk of getting your IP banned
Often have to build a custom scraper for each website
Not doable for all websites (e.g. Facebook)

How do we scrape a website?#

First, we practice good robot citizenship via the `robots.txt` file!#

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots_exclusion_standard

http://www.robotstxt.org/robotstxt.html

It is a standard used by websites to communicate with web crawlers and other web robots
The standard specifies how to inform the web robot about which areas of the website should not be processed or scanned
Robots are often used by search engines to categorize web sites
Not all robots cooperate with the standard; email harvesters, spambots, malware, and robots that scan for security vulnerabilities may even start with the portions of the website where they have been told to stay out

In practice,

when a site owner wishes to give instructions to web robots they place a text file called robots.txt in the root of the web site hierarchy (e.g. https://www.example.com/robots.txt)
this text file contains the instructions in a specific format
robots that choose to follow the instructions try to fetch this file and read the instructions before fetching any other file from the web site
if this file doesn’t exist, web robots assume that the web owner wishes to provide no specific instructions, and crawl the entire site.
a robots.txt file covers one origin. For websites with multiple subdomains, each subdomain must have its own robots.txt file.

Let’s check out the `robots.txt` for Northeastern’s course catalog using the `requests` package.#

The requests package lets us make requests to websites or APIs. It gives us back HTML webpages that we can read through as if they were .html files.

import requests
res = requests.get('https://catalog.northeastern.edu/robots.txt')
print(res.text)

Sitemap: https://catalog.northeastern.edu/sitemap.xml
User-agent: *
Disallow: /archive/
Disallow: /admin/
Disallow: /pagewiz/
Disallow: /courseleaf/
Disallow: /wiztest/
Disallow: /navbar/
Disallow: /gallery/
Disallow: /clmail/
Disallow: /dbleaf/
Disallow: /depts/
Disallow: /responseform/
Disallow: /mig/
Disallow: /tmp/
Disallow: /ribbit/
Disallow: /azindex/
Disallow: /catalogcontents/
Disallow: /shared/
Disallow: /cim/
Disallow: /courseadmin/
Disallow: /programadmin/
Disallow: /miscadmin/
Disallow: /js/
Disallow: /images/
Disallow: /css/
Disallow: /styles/
Disallow: /search/
Disallow: /xsearch/
Disallow: /migration/
Disallow: /fonts/
Disallow: /pdf/
Disallow: /wen/
Disallow: /graduate/engineering/multidisciplinary/user-experience-design-graduate-certificate/
Disallow: /graduate/health-sciences/nursing/dnp-concentration-nurse-anesthesia/
Disallow: /graduate/engineering/multidisciplinary/full-stack-software-engineering-graduate-certificate/
Disallow: /graduate/engineering/multidisciplinary/engineering-entrepreneurship-graduate-certificate/
Disallow: /graduate/engineering/multidisciplinary/big-data-systes-engineering-graduate-certificate/
Disallow: /graduate/engineering/multidisciplinary/digital-business-graduate-certificate/
Disallow: /graduate/engineering/multidisciplinary/cyber-security-development-graduate-certificate/
Disallow: /graduate/engineering/multidisciplinary/blockchain-smart-contract-engineering-graduate-certificate/
Disallow: /graduate/engineering/multidisciplinary/business-intelligence-data-analytics-graduate-certificate
Disallow: /graduate/phdnetwork/
Disallow: /graduate/health-sciences/physical-therapy-movement-rehabilitation/human-movement-rehabilitation-sciences-phd/
Disallow: /class-search/
Disallow: /course-search/

Our User-agent is categorized under *, so we’re not allowed to look at a bunch of different pages, as listed above. That’s okay, though, because we’re allowed to look at /course-descriptions.

Actually Scraping Data#

Now we’re going to walk through the process of crawling Northeastern’s course catalog a bit. We’ll start by looking at some real HTML and discuss parsing it.

# Scraping the main catalog page
catalog_res = requests.get('https://catalog.northeastern.edu/course-descriptions/')
catalog_html = catalog_res.text

# Displaying the raw HTML
catalog_html

'\n\n<!doctype html>\n<html class="no-js" xml:lang="en" lang="en" dir="ltr">\n\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" />\n<title>Course Descriptions &lt; Northeastern University Academic Catalog</title>\n<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />\n<meta property="og:site_name" content="Northeastern University Academic Catalog" />\n<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"\n\t\t\thref="/search/opensearch.xml" title="Catalog" />\n<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0" />\n<link href="/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" />\n<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/reset.css" />\n<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:400,400i,500,500i,700,700i">\n<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i,900">\n<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/fonts/font-awesome/font-awesome.min.css" />\n<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/courseleaf.css" />\n<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/screen.css?v=20220614" media="screen" />\n<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/print.css" media="print" />\n<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery.js"></script>\n<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/lfjs.js"></script>\n<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/lfjs_any.js"></script>\n<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/js/lfjs.css" />\n<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/courseleaf.js"></script>\n<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/custom.js?v=20211026"></script>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({\'gtm.start\':\nnew Date().getTime(),event:\'gtm.js\'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],\nj=d.createElement(s),dl=l!=\'dataLayer\'?\'&l=\'+l:\'\';j.async=true;j.src=\n\'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=\'+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);\n})(window,document,\'script\',\'dataLayer\',\'GTM-WGQLLJ\');</script>\n\n</head>\n\n\n\n<body class="">\n\n<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WGQLLJ"\nheight="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>\n\n\n\n\n\n<nav aria-label="Skip content menu" class="accessible">\n\t<div class="accessible-menu">\n\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t<li><a href="#contentarea" rel="section">Skip to Content</a></li>\n\t\t\t<li><a href="/azindex/">AZ Index</a></li>\n\t\t\t<li><a href="/">Catalog Home</a></li>\n\t\t\t<li><a href="https://northeastern.edu">Institution Home</a></li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</div>\n</nav>\n\n<header id="header">\n    <div class="wrap">\n        \n        <div id="logo">\n            <a href="https://www.northeastern.edu/">\n                <img src="/images/logo.png" alt="Northeastern University" />\n            </a>\n        </div>\n\n        <div id="client-search">\n            <button type="button" id="client-search-toggle" aria-controls="client-search-content" aria-expanded="false">\n                <img src="/images/search.svg" alt="" aria-hidden="true">\n                <span class="sr-only">Toggle Search Visibility</span>\n            </button>\n            <div id="client-search-content" class="search" aria-hidden="true" aria-controls="client-search-content" aria-expanded="true">\n                <button type="button" id="client-search-close">\n                    <span class="sr-only">Close Search</span>\n                    <img src="/images/close.svg" alt="" aria-hidden="true"/>\n                </button>\n                <div class="search" id="cat-search">\n                   <form action="/search/">\n                        <label for="cat-search-term" class="sr-only">Search catalog</label>\n                        <input class="search-field" type="text" name="search" id="cat-search-term" placeholder="Search Catalog" />\n                        <button class="search-button" type="submit" id="client-search-submit">Go</button>\n<!-- <input type="hidden" name="caturl" value="/course-descriptions" /> -->\n                    </form>\n                    <hr>\n                </div>\n            </div>        \n        </div>\n    </div><!-- .wrap -->\n    \n    <div class="dec">\n        <div class="wrap">\n            <h2>\n                <a href="">\n                    Academic Catalog 2024-2025\n                </a>\n            </h2>\n        </div>\n    </div>\n    \n    <nav id="breadcrumb" aria-label="Breadcrumbs">\n        <div class="wrap">\n<ul><li><a href="/">Home</a><span class="crumbsep">›</span></li><li><span class="active">Course Descriptions</span></li></ul>\n        </div>\n    </nav>\n    \n    <div id="site-title">\n        <div class="wrap">\n            <h1>\n                Course Descriptions\n            </h1>\n        </div>\n    </div>\n</header>\n\n\n<section id="content-container">\n   <div class="wrap">\n      <div id="col-nav">\n         <button id="sidebar-toggle" aria-expanded="false" data-toggle="#sidebar">\n            <i class="fa fa-bars" aria-hidden="true"></i>\n            <span>2024-2025 Edition</span>\n         </button>\n         <aside id="sidebar">\n            <div class="sidebar-item">\n               <h2 id="edition" class="sidebar-header"><a href="/">2024-2025 Edition</a></h2>\n               <nav id="cl-menu" aria-label="Primary">\n<ul class="nav levelzero" id="/">\n\t<li><a href="/delivery-services/">Delivery of Services</a></li>\n\t<li class="isparent"><a href="/general-information/">General Information</a></li>\n\t<li class="isparent"><a href="/undergraduate/">Undergraduate</a></li>\n\t<li class="isparent"><a href="/professional-studies/">College of Professional Studies Undergraduate</a></li>\n\t<li class="isparent"><a href="/graduate/">Graduate</a></li>\n\t<li class="active isparent self"><a href="#" onclick="return false;">Course Descriptions</a>\n\t<ul class="nav levelone" id="/course-descriptions/">\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/acct/">Accounting (ACCT)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/acc/">Accounting -&#8203; CPS (ACC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/avm/">Advanced Manufacturing Systems -&#8203; CPS (AVM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/afam/">African American Studies (AFAM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/afcs/">Africana Studies (AFCS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/afrs/">African Studies (AFRS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/amsl/">American Sign Language (AMSL)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/aly/">Analytics -&#8203; CPS (ALY)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/anth/">Anthropology (ANTH)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ant/">Anthropology -&#8203; CPS (ANT)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/apl/">Applied Logistics -&#8203; CPS (APL)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/arab/">Arabic (ARAB)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/arch/">Architecture (ARCH)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/army/">Army ROTC (ARMY)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/art/">Art -&#8203; CPS (ART)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/artg/">Art -&#8203; Design (ARTG)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/artf/">Art -&#8203; Fundamentals (ARTF)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/arte/">Art -&#8203; General (ARTE)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/arth/">Art -&#8203; History (ARTH)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/artd/">Art -&#8203; Media Arts (ARTD)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/arts/">Art -&#8203; Studio (ARTS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/aace/">Arts Administration and Cultural Entrepreneurship (AACE)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/asns/">Asian Studies (ASNS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/bnsc/">Behavioral Neuroscience (BNSC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/bioc/">Biochemistry (BIOC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/bioe/">Bioengineering (BIOE)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/binf/">Bioinformatics (BINF)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/biol/">Biology (BIOL)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/bio/">Biology -&#8203; CPS (BIO)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/biot/">Biotechnology (BIOT)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/btc/">Biotechnology -&#8203; CPS (BTC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/busn/">Business Administration (BUSN)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/exsc/">Cardiopulmonary and Exercise Science (EXSC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/chme/">Chemical Engineering (CHME)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/chm/">Chemistry -&#8203; CPS (CHM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/chem/">Chemistry and Chemical Biology (CHEM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/chns/">Chinese (CHNS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cive/">Civil and Environmental Engineering (CIVE)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eeam/">Co-&#8203;op/&#8203;Experiential Education in Arts, Media, and Design (EEAM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eeba/">Co-&#8203;op/&#8203;Experiential Education in Business (EEBA)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eesc/">Co-&#8203;op/&#8203;Experiential Education in Science (EESC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eesh/">Co-&#8203;op/&#8203;Experiential Education in Social Sciences and Humanities (EESH)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ced/">Commerce and Economic Development -&#8203; CPS (CED)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/comm/">Communication Studies (COMM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cmn/">Communication Studies -&#8203; CPS (CMN)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cmmn/">Communication Studies -&#8203; CPS Specialty (CMMN)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cet/">Computer Engineering Technology -&#8203; CPS (CET)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cs/">Computer Science (CS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/csye/">Computer Systems Engineering (CSYE)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cmg/">Construction Management -&#8203; CPS (CMG)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/coop/">Cooperative Education (COOP)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cop/">Cooperative Education -&#8203; CPS (COP)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/exed/">Cooperative/&#8203;Experiential Education (EXED)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/inno/">Corporate Innovation (INNO)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/caep/">Counseling and Applied Educational Psychology (CAEP)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/crte/">Creative Technologies (CRTE)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/crim/">Criminal Justice (CRIM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cjs/">Criminal Justice -&#8203; CPS (CJS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cltr/">Culture (CLTR)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cy/">Cybersecurity (CY)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/da/">Data Analytics (DA)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/damg/">Data Architecture Management (DAMG)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ds/">Data Science (DS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/deaf/">Deaf Studies (DEAF)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/dgm/">Digital Media -&#8203; CPS (DGM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/dgtr/">Digital Transformation (DGTR)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/envr/">Earth and Environmental Sciences (ENVR)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/esc/">Earth Sciences -&#8203; CPS (ESC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eemb/">Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology (EEMB)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/econ/">Economics (ECON)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ecn/">Economics -&#8203; CPS (ECN)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ecnm/">Economics -&#8203; CPS Specialty (ECNM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/educ/">Education (EDUC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/edu/">Education -&#8203; CPS (EDU)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eece/">Electrical and Computer Engineering (EECE)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eet/">Electrical Engineering Technology -&#8203; CPS (EET)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ensy/">Energy Systems (ENSY)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/encp/">Engineering Cooperative Education (ENCP)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/engr/">Engineering Interdisciplinary (ENGR)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/enlr/">Engineering Leadership (ENLR)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/emgt/">Engineering Management (EMGT)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/engl/">English (ENGL)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eng/">English -&#8203; CPS (ENG)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eslg/">English as a Second Language -&#8203; CPS Specialty (ESLG)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/esl/">English as Second Language -&#8203; CPS (ESL)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/engw/">English Writing (ENGW)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eai/">Enterprise Artificial Intelligence (EAI)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/entr/">Entrepreneurship and Innovation (ENTR)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/envs/">Environmental Studies (ENVS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/exre/">Extended Realities (EXRE)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/fin/">Finance -&#8203; CPS (FIN)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/fina/">Finance and Insurance (FINA)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/fsem/">First-&#8203;Year Seminar (FSEM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/frnh/">French (FRNH)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/game/">Game Design (GAME)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/gsnd/">Game Science and Design (GSND)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ge/">General Engineering (GE)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/get/">General Engineering Technology -&#8203; CPS (GET)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/gens/">General Studies (GENS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/gis/">Geographic Information Systems -&#8203; CPS (GIS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/grmn/">German (GRMN)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/gst/">Global Studies -&#8203; CPS (GST)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/gbst/">Global Studies (GBST)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hinf/">Health Informatics (HINF)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hmg/">Health Management -&#8203; CPS (HMG)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hsci/">Health Science (HSCI)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hsc/">Health Science -&#8203; CPS (HSC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hlth/">Health Science -&#8203; Interdisciplinary (HLTH)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hbrw/">Hebrew (HBRW)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hist/">History (HIST)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hst/">History -&#8203; CPS (HST)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hsty/">History -&#8203; CPS Specialty (HSTY)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hls/">Homeland Security -&#8203; CPS (HLS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/honr/">Honors Program (HONR)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hrmg/">Human Resources Management (HRMG)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hrm/">Human Resources Management -&#8203; CPS (HRM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/husv/">Human Services (HUSV)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hsv/">Human Services -&#8203; CPS (HSV)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ie/">Industrial Engineering (IE)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/is/">Information Science (IS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/info/">Information Systems Program (INFO)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/itc/">Information Technology -&#8203; CPS (ITC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ins/">Insurance -&#8203; CPS (INS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/int/">Interdisciplinary Studies -&#8203; CPS (INT)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/inam/">Interdisciplinary Studies in Arts, Media, and Design (INAM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/insc/">Interdisciplinary Studies in Science (INSC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/insh/">Interdisciplinary Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities (INSH)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/inmi/">Interdisciplinary Studies -&#8203; Mills College at Northeastern (INMI)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/inpr/">Interdisciplinary Studies -&#8203; Office of the Provost (INPR)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/intl/">International Affairs (INTL)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/intb/">International Business (INTB)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/intp/">Interpreting (INTP)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/itln/">Italian (ITLN)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/jpns/">Japanese (JPNS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/jwss/">Jewish Studies (JWSS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/jrnl/">Journalism (JRNL)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/kore/">Korean (KORE)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/larc/">Landscape Architecture (LARC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/lacs/">Latin American and Caribbean Studies (LACS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/lw/">Law (for Non-&#8203;Law School Students) (LW)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/law/">Law (LAW)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/lwp/">Law and Policy -&#8203; CPS (LWP)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/lpsc/">Law and Public Policy (LPSC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ldr/">Leadership Studies -&#8203; CPS (LDR)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ls/">Legal Studies (LS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/lst/">Liberal Studies -&#8203; CPS (LST)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ling/">Linguistics (LING)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mgmt/">Management (MGMT)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mgt/">Management -&#8203; CPS (MGT)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mism/">Management Information Systems (MISM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mgsc/">Management Science (MGSC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mecn/">Managerial Economics (MECN)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mktg/">Marketing (MKTG)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mkt/">Marketing -&#8203; CPS (MKT)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/matl/">Materials Engineering (MATL)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/math/">Mathematics (MATH)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mth/">Mathematics -&#8203; CPS (MTH)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/matm/">Mathematics -&#8203; CPS Specialty (MATM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/meie/">Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (MEIE)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/me/">Mechanical Engineering (ME)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/met/">Mechanical Engineering Technology -&#8203; CPS (MET)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mscr/">Media and Screen Studies (MSCR)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/msci/">Medical Sciences (MSCI)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mils/">Mills College Transfer (MILS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/musc/">Music (MUSC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mus/">Music -&#8203; CPS (MUS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/musi/">Music Industry (MUSI)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/must/">Music Technology (MUST)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/nnmd/">Nanomedicine (NNMD)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/nets/">Network Science (NETS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/npm/">Nonprofit Management -&#8203; CPS (NPM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/nrsg/">Nursing (NRSG)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ntr/">Nutrition -&#8203; CPS (NTR)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/or/">Operations Research (OR)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/orgb/">Organizational Behavior (ORGB)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phsc/">Pharmaceutical Science (PHSC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pmst/">Pharmaceutics (PMST)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pmcl/">Pharmacology (PMCL)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phmd/">Pharmacy Practice (PHMD)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phdl/">PhD Experiential Leadership (PHDL)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phil/">Philosophy (PHIL)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phl/">Philosophy -&#8203; CPS (PHL)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phls/">Philosophy -&#8203; CPS Specialty (PHLS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pt/">Physical Therapy (PT)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pth/">Physical Therapy -&#8203; CPS (PTH)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pa/">Physician Assistant (PA)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phys/">Physics (PHYS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phy/">Physics -&#8203; CPS (PHY)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pols/">Political Science (POLS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pol/">Political Science -&#8203; CPS (POL)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/plsc/">Political Science -&#8203; CPS Specialty (PLSC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/port/">Portuguese (PORT)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pjm/">Project Management -&#8203; CPS (PJM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/psyc/">Psychology (PSYC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/psy/">Psychology -&#8203; CPS (PSY)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phth/">Public Health (PHTH)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ppua/">Public Policy and Urban Affairs (PPUA)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pbr/">Public Relations -&#8203; CPS (PBR)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/prel/">Public Relations (PREL)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/rga/">Regulatory Affairs -&#8203; CPS (RGA)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/rfa/">Regulatory Affairs of Food -&#8203; CPS (RFA)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/rms/">Remote Sensing -&#8203; CPS (RMS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/rpt/">Respiratory Therapy -&#8203; CPS (RPT)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/rssn/">Russian (RSSN)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/smt/">Sales Management -&#8203; CPS (SMT)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/smfa/">School of the Museum of Fine Arts (SMFA)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/socl/">Sociology (SOCL)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/soc/">Sociology -&#8203; CPS (SOC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/scly/">Sociology -&#8203; CPS Specialty (SCLY)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/spns/">Spanish (SPNS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/slpa/">Speech-&#8203;Language Pathology and Audiology (SLPA)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/sia/">Strategic Intelligence and Analysis -&#8203; CPS (SIA)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/strt/">Strategy (STRT)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/abrd/">Study Abroad (ABRD)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/abrb/">Study Abroad -&#8203; Business (ABRB)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/abrc/">Study Abroad -&#8203; CPS Specialty (ABRC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/abrl/">Study Abroad -&#8203; Law (ABRL)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/abrs/">Study Abroad -&#8203; Science (ABRS)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/abrh/">Study Abroad -&#8203; Social Sciences and Humanities (ABRH)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/abru/">Study USA (ABRU)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/schm/">Supply Chain Management (SCHM)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/sbsy/">Sustainable Building Systems (SBSY)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/suen/">Sustainable Urban Environments (SUEN)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/tcc/">Technical Communications -&#8203; CPS (TCC)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/tele/">Telecommunication Systems (TELE)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/telr/">Technology Leadership (TELR)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/thtr/">Theatre (THTR)</a></li>\n\t\t<li><a href="/course-descriptions/wmns/">Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (WMNS)</a></li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li><a href="/archive/">Catalog Archives</a></li>\n\t<li class="isparent"><a href="/handbook/">Student Handbook</a></li>\n</ul>\n               </nav>\n            </div>\n\n            <button id="print-btn" href="#print-dialog" onclick="showPrintDialog(); return false;">\n               <i class="fa fa-print" aria-hidden="true"></i> Print Options\n            </button>\n         </aside>\n      </div> <!-- end col-nav -->\n      <div id="col-content">\n\n\n\t\t\t<main id="contentarea">\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n<div id="textcontainer" class="page_content">\n\n<div align="center" class="azMenu">\n<ul class="letternav clearfix">\n<li class="inactive">#</li><li><a href="#A">A</a></li><li><a href="#B">B</a></li><li><a href="#C">C</a></li><li><a href="#D">D</a></li><li><a href="#E">E</a></li><li><a href="#F">F</a></li><li><a href="#G">G</a></li><li><a href="#H">H</a></li><li><a href="#I">I</a></li><li><a href="#J">J</a></li><li><a href="#K">K</a></li><li><a href="#L">L</a></li><li><a href="#M">M</a></li><li><a href="#N">N</a></li><li><a href="#O">O</a></li><li><a href="#P">P</a></li><li class="inactive">Q</li><li><a href="#R">R</a></li><li><a href="#S">S</a></li><li><a href="#T">T</a></li><li class="inactive">U</li><li class="inactive">V</li><li><a href="#W">W</a></li><li class="inactive">X</li><li class="inactive">Y</li><li class="inactive">Z</li></ul>\n</div>\n<div id="atozindex">\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'A\'><a name=\'A\'>A</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/acct/">Accounting (ACCT)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/acc/">Accounting - CPS (ACC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/avm/">Advanced Manufacturing Systems - CPS (AVM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/afam/">African American Studies (AFAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/afcs/">Africana Studies (AFCS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/afrs/">African Studies (AFRS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/amsl/">American Sign Language (AMSL)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/aly/">Analytics - CPS (ALY)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/anth/">Anthropology (ANTH)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ant/">Anthropology - CPS (ANT)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/apl/">Applied Logistics - CPS (APL)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/arab/">Arabic (ARAB)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/arch/">Architecture (ARCH)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/army/">Army ROTC (ARMY)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/art/">Art - CPS (ART)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/artg/">Art - Design (ARTG)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/artf/">Art - Fundamentals (ARTF)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/arte/">Art - General (ARTE)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/arth/">Art - History (ARTH)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/artd/">Art - Media Arts (ARTD)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/aace/">Arts Administration and Cultural Entrepreneurship (AACE)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/arts/">Art - Studio (ARTS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/asns/">Asian Studies (ASNS)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'B\'><a name=\'B\'>B</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/bnsc/">Behavioral Neuroscience (BNSC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/bioc/">Biochemistry (BIOC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/bioe/">Bioengineering (BIOE)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/binf/">Bioinformatics (BINF)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/biol/">Biology (BIOL)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/bio/">Biology - CPS (BIO)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/biot/">Biotechnology (BIOT)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/btc/">Biotechnology - CPS (BTC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/busn/">Business Administration (BUSN)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'C\'><a name=\'C\'>C</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/exsc/">Cardiopulmonary and Exercise Science (EXSC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/chme/">Chemical Engineering (CHME)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/chem/">Chemistry and Chemical Biology (CHEM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/chm/">Chemistry - CPS (CHM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/chns/">Chinese (CHNS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cive/">Civil and Environmental Engineering (CIVE)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ced/">Commerce and Economic Development - CPS (CED)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/comm/">Communication Studies (COMM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cmn/">Communication Studies - CPS (CMN)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cmmn/">Communication Studies - CPS Specialty (CMMN)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cet/">Computer Engineering Technology - CPS (CET)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cs/">Computer Science (CS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/csye/">Computer Systems Engineering (CSYE)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cmg/">Construction Management - CPS (CMG)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/coop/">Cooperative Education (COOP)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cop/">Cooperative Education - CPS (COP)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/exed/">Cooperative/Experiential Education (EXED)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eeam/">Co-op/Experiential Education in Arts, Media, and Design (EEAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eeba/">Co-op/Experiential Education in Business (EEBA)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eesc/">Co-op/Experiential Education in Science (EESC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eesh/">Co-op/Experiential Education in Social Sciences and Humanities (EESH)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/inno/">Corporate Innovation (INNO)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/caep/">Counseling and Applied Educational Psychology (CAEP)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/crte/">Creative Technologies (CRTE)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cjs/">Criminal Justice - CPS (CJS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/crim/">Criminal Justice (CRIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cltr/">Culture (CLTR)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/cy/">Cybersecurity (CY)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'D\'><a name=\'D\'>D</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/da/">Data Analytics (DA)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/damg/">Data Architecture Management (DAMG)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ds/">Data Science (DS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/deaf/">Deaf Studies (DEAF)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/dgm/">Digital Media - CPS (DGM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/dgtr/">Digital Transformation (DGTR)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'E\'><a name=\'E\'>E</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/envr/">Earth and Environmental Sciences (ENVR)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/esc/">Earth Sciences - CPS (ESC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eemb/">Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology (EEMB)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ecn/">Economics - CPS (ECN)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ecnm/">Economics - CPS Specialty (ECNM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/econ/">Economics (ECON)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/edut/">Education - California Prepared (EDUT)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/edu/">Education - CPS (EDU)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/educ/">Education (EDUC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eece/">Electrical and Computer Engineering (EECE)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eet/">Electrical Engineering Technology - CPS (EET)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ensy/">Energy Systems (ENSY)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/encp/">Engineering Cooperative Education (ENCP)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/engr/">Engineering Interdisciplinary (ENGR)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/enlr/">Engineering Leadership (ENLR)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/emgt/">Engineering Management (EMGT)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eslg/">English as a Second Language - CPS Specialty (ESLG)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/esl/">English as Second Language - CPS (ESL)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eng/">English - CPS (ENG)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/engl/">English (ENGL)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/engw/">English Writing (ENGW)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/eai/">Enterprise Artificial Intelligence (EAI)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/entr/">Entrepreneurship and Innovation (ENTR)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/envs/">Environmental Studies (ENVS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/exre/">Extended Realities (EXRE)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'F\'><a name=\'F\'>F</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/fina/">Finance and Insurance (FINA)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/fin/">Finance - CPS (FIN)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/fsem/">First-Year Seminar (FSEM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/frnh/">French (FRNH)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'G\'><a name=\'G\'>G</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/game/">Game Design (GAME)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/gsnd/">Game Science and Design (GSND)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ge/">General Engineering (GE)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/get/">General Engineering Technology - CPS (GET)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/gens/">General Studies (GENS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/gis/">Geographic Information Systems - CPS (GIS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/grmn/">German (GRMN)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/gst/">Global Studies - CPS (GST)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/gbst/">Global Studies (GBST)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'H\'><a name=\'H\'>H</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hinf/">Health Informatics (HINF)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hmg/">Health Management - CPS (HMG)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hsc/">Health Science - CPS (HSC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hsci/">Health Science (HSCI)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hlth/">Health Science - Interdisciplinary (HLTH)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hbrw/">Hebrew (HBRW)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hst/">History - CPS (HST)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hsty/">History - CPS Specialty (HSTY)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hist/">History (HIST)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hls/">Homeland Security - CPS (HLS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/honr/">Honors Program (HONR)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hrm/">Human Resources Management - CPS (HRM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hrmg/">Human Resources Management (HRMG)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/hsv/">Human Services - CPS (HSV)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/husv/">Human Services (HUSV)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'I\'><a name=\'I\'>I</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ie/">Industrial Engineering (IE)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/is/">Information Science (IS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/info/">Information Systems Program (INFO)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/itc/">Information Technology - CPS (ITC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ins/">Insurance - CPS (INS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/int/">Interdisciplinary Studies - CPS (INT)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/inam/">Interdisciplinary Studies in Arts, Media, and Design (INAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/insc/">Interdisciplinary Studies in Science (INSC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/insh/">Interdisciplinary Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities (INSH)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/inmi/">Interdisciplinary Studies - Mills College at Northeastern (INMI)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/inpr/">Interdisciplinary Studies - Office of the Provost (INPR)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/intl/">International Affairs (INTL)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/intb/">International Business (INTB)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/intp/">Interpreting (INTP)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/itln/">Italian (ITLN)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'J\'><a name=\'J\'>J</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/jpns/">Japanese (JPNS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/jwss/">Jewish Studies (JWSS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/jrnl/">Journalism (JRNL)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'K\'><a name=\'K\'>K</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/kore/">Korean (KORE)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'L\'><a name=\'L\'>L</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/larc/">Landscape Architecture (LARC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/lacs/">Latin American and Caribbean Studies (LACS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/lwp/">Law and Policy - CPS (LWP)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/lpsc/">Law and Public Policy (LPSC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/lw/">Law (for Non-Law School Students) (LW)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/law/">Law (LAW)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ldr/">Leadership Studies - CPS (LDR)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ls/">Legal Studies (LS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/lst/">Liberal Studies - CPS (LST)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ling/">Linguistics (LING)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'M\'><a name=\'M\'>M</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mgt/">Management - CPS (MGT)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mism/">Management Information Systems (MISM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mgmt/">Management (MGMT)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mgsc/">Management Science (MGSC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mecn/">Managerial Economics (MECN)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mkt/">Marketing - CPS (MKT)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mktg/">Marketing (MKTG)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/matl/">Materials Engineering (MATL)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mth/">Mathematics - CPS (MTH)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/matm/">Mathematics - CPS Specialty (MATM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/math/">Mathematics (MATH)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/meie/">Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (MEIE)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/me/">Mechanical Engineering (ME)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/met/">Mechanical Engineering Technology - CPS (MET)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mscr/">Media and Screen Studies (MSCR)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/msci/">Medical Sciences (MSCI)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mils/">Mills College Transfer (MILS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/mus/">Music - CPS (MUS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/musi/">Music Industry (MUSI)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/musc/">Music (MUSC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/must/">Music Technology (MUST)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'N\'><a name=\'N\'>N</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/nnmd/">Nanomedicine (NNMD)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/nets/">Network Science (NETS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/npm/">Nonprofit Management - CPS (NPM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/nrsg/">Nursing (NRSG)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ntr/">Nutrition - CPS (NTR)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'O\'><a name=\'O\'>O</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/or/">Operations Research (OR)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/orgb/">Organizational Behavior (ORGB)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'P\'><a name=\'P\'>P</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phsc/">Pharmaceutical Science (PHSC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pmst/">Pharmaceutics (PMST)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pmcl/">Pharmacology (PMCL)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phmd/">Pharmacy Practice (PHMD)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phdl/">PhD Experiential Leadership (PHDL)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phl/">Philosophy - CPS (PHL)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phls/">Philosophy - CPS Specialty (PHLS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phil/">Philosophy (PHIL)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pth/">Physical Therapy - CPS (PTH)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pt/">Physical Therapy (PT)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pa/">Physician Assistant (PA)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phy/">Physics - CPS (PHY)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phys/">Physics (PHYS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pol/">Political Science - CPS (POL)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/plsc/">Political Science - CPS Specialty (PLSC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pols/">Political Science (POLS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/port/">Portuguese (PORT)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pjm/">Project Management - CPS (PJM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/psy/">Psychology - CPS (PSY)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/psyc/">Psychology (PSYC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/phth/">Public Health (PHTH)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ppua/">Public Policy and Urban Affairs (PPUA)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/pbr/">Public Relations - CPS (PBR)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/prel/">Public Relations (PREL)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'R\'><a name=\'R\'>R</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/rga/">Regulatory Affairs - CPS (RGA)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/rfa/">Regulatory Affairs of Food - CPS (RFA)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/rms/">Remote Sensing - CPS (RMS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/rpt/">Respiratory Therapy - CPS (RPT)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/rssn/">Russian (RSSN)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'S\'><a name=\'S\'>S</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/smt/">Sales Management - CPS (SMT)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/smfa/">School of the Museum of Fine Arts (SMFA)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/soc/">Sociology - CPS (SOC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/scly/">Sociology - CPS Specialty (SCLY)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/socl/">Sociology (SOCL)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/spns/">Spanish (SPNS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/slpa/">Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology (SLPA)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/sia/">Strategic Intelligence and Analysis - CPS (SIA)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/strt/">Strategy (STRT)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/abrd/">Study Abroad (ABRD)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/abrb/">Study Abroad - Business (ABRB)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/abrc/">Study Abroad - CPS Specialty (ABRC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/abrl/">Study Abroad - Law (ABRL)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/abrs/">Study Abroad - Science (ABRS)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/abrh/">Study Abroad - Social Sciences and Humanities (ABRH)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/abru/">Study USA (ABRU)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/schm/">Supply Chain Management (SCHM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/sbsy/">Sustainable Building Systems (SBSY)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/suen/">Sustainable Urban Environments (SUEN)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'T\'><a name=\'T\'>T</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/tcc/">Technical Communications - CPS (TCC)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/telr/">Technology Leadership (TELR)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/tele/">Telecommunication Systems (TELE)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/thtr/">Theatre (THTR)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class="letternav-head" id=\'W\'><a name=\'W\'>W</a></h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href="/course-descriptions/wmns/">Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (WMNS)</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div><!--end #textcontainer -->\n\n\n\n         </main>\n      </div> <!-- end col-content -->\n   </div>\n</section>\n\n<footer id="footer">\n    <div class="wrap">\n        <div class="left">\n            <h3>Campus Locations</h3>\n            <ul class="locations">\n                <li><a href="https://arlington.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Arlington <br><span class="state-code">VA</span><span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://www.northeastern.edu/campuses/boston/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Boston <br><span class="state-code">MA</span><span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://www.burlington.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Burlington <br><span class="state-code">MA</span><span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://charlotte.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Charlotte <br><span class="state-code">NC</span><span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://www.nchlondon.ac.uk/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">London <br><span class="state-code">UK</span><span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://miami.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Miami <br><span class="state-code">FL</span><span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://csi.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Nahant <br><span class="state-code">MA</span><span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://oakland.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Oakland <br><span class="state-code">CA</span><span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://roux.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Portland <br><span class="state-code">ME</span><span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://seattle.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Seattle <br><span class="state-code">WA</span><span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://siliconvalley.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Silicon Valley <br><span class="state-code">CA</span><span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://toronto.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Toronto <br><span class="state-code">ON</span><span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://vancouver.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Vancouver <br><span class="state-code">BC</span><span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n            </ul>\n            <hr/>\n            <div class="quick-links">\n                <h3>Quick Links</h3>\n                <ul>\n                    <li><a href="https://registrar.northeastern.edu/" target="_blank">Registrar <span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                    <li><a href="https://nu.outsystemsenterprise.com/FSD/" target="_blank">Directory <span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                    <li><a href="https://library.northeastern.edu/" target="_blank">Libraries <span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                    <li><a href="https://www.northeastern.edu/emergency-information/" target="_blank">Emergency Information <span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                    <li><a href="https://www.northeastern.edu/privacy-information" target="_blank">Privacy Policy <span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                    <li><a href="https://digital-accessibility.northeastern.edu/" target="_blank">Accessibility <span class="sr-only">Opens New Window</span></a></li>\n                </ul>\n            </div>\n        </div>\n        <div class="right">\n            <ul class="socials">\n                <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/northeastern/" target="_blank">\n                        <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">\n                            <path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path>\n                        </svg>\n                        <span class="sr-only">Facebook. Opens New Window</span>\n                    </a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://x.com/Northeastern" target="_blank">\n                    <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">\n                        <path d="M13.982 10.622 20.54 3h-1.554l-5.693 6.618L8.745 3H3.5l6.876 10.007L3.5 21h1.554l6.012-6.989L15.868 21h5.245l-7.131-10.378Zm-2.128 2.474-.697-.997-5.543-7.93H8l4.474 6.4.697.996 5.815 8.318h-2.387l-4.745-6.787Z"></path>\n                    </svg>\n                        <span class="sr-only">X. Opens New Window</span>\n                    </a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/Northeastern" target="_blank">\n                    <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">\n                        <path d="M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z"></path>\n                    </svg>\n                        <span class="sr-only">YouTube. Opens New Window</span>\n                    </a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/school/northeastern-university/" target="_blank">\n                    <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">\n                        <path d="M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z"></path>\n                    </svg>\n                        <span class="sr-only">Linkedin. Opens New Window</span>\n                    </a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/northeastern/" target="_blank">\n                        <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">\n                            <path d="M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z"></path>\n                        </svg>\n                        <span class="sr-only">Instagram. Opens New Window</span>\n                    </a></li>\n                <li><a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@northeasternu" target="_blank">\n                    <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">\n                        <path d="M16.708 0.027c1.745-0.027 3.48-0.011 5.213-0.027 0.105 2.041 0.839 4.12 2.333 5.563 1.491 1.479 3.6 2.156 5.652 2.385v5.369c-1.923-0.063-3.855-0.463-5.6-1.291-0.76-0.344-1.468-0.787-2.161-1.24-0.009 3.896 0.016 7.787-0.025 11.667-0.104 1.864-0.719 3.719-1.803 5.255-1.744 2.557-4.771 4.224-7.88 4.276-1.907 0.109-3.812-0.411-5.437-1.369-2.693-1.588-4.588-4.495-4.864-7.615-0.032-0.667-0.043-1.333-0.016-1.984 0.24-2.537 1.495-4.964 3.443-6.615 2.208-1.923 5.301-2.839 8.197-2.297 0.027 1.975-0.052 3.948-0.052 5.923-1.323-0.428-2.869-0.308-4.025 0.495-0.844 0.547-1.485 1.385-1.819 2.333-0.276 0.676-0.197 1.427-0.181 2.145 0.317 2.188 2.421 4.027 4.667 3.828 1.489-0.016 2.916-0.88 3.692-2.145 0.251-0.443 0.532-0.896 0.547-1.417 0.131-2.385 0.079-4.76 0.095-7.145 0.011-5.375-0.016-10.735 0.025-16.093z"></path>\n                    </svg>\n                        <span class="sr-only">TikTok.  Opens New Window</span>\n                    </a></li>\n            </ul>\n            <p>\n                Copyright 2024-2025 Northeastern University\n            </p>\n            </div>\n\t\t</div>\n\n\t\t<a href="#header" id="totop"><span class="sr-only">Back to top</span></a>\n\t</footer>\n\n    <div id="print-dialog" aria-labelledby="dialog-title" class="screen" role="dialog">\n       <div class="print-header">\n          <button onclick="hidePrintDialog(); return false;" aria-controls="#print-dialog">\n             <span class="sr-only">Close this window</span>\n          </button>\n          <h2 id="dialog-title">Print Options</h2>\n       </div>\n       <div class="print-body">\n          <ul>\n             <li>\n                <p><a class="option-name" href="#"  role="button" onclick="hidePrintDialog();window.print();return false">Send Page to Printer</a></p>\n                <p class="option-desc">Print this page.</p>\n             </li>\n    \n<li><p><a class="option-name" href="/course-descriptions/course-descriptions.pdf" role="button">Download Page (PDF)</a></p><p class="option-desc">The PDF will include all information unique to this page.</p></li><li><p><a class="option-name" href="/pdf/Northeastern University 2023-2024 Undergraduate Day Catalog.pdf" target="_blank">2023-24 Undergraduate Day PDF</a></p></li><li><p><a class="option-name" href="/pdf/Northeastern University 2023-2024 CPS Undergraduate Catalog.pdf" target="_blank">2023-24 CPS Undergraduate PDF</a></p></li><li><p><a class="option-name" href="/pdf/Northeastern University 2023-2024 Graduate Catalog.pdf" target="_blank">2023-24 Graduate/Law PDF</a></p></li><li><p><a class="option-name" href="/pdf/Northeastern University 2023-2024 Course Descriptions.pdf" target="_blank">2023-24 Course Descriptions PDF</a></p></li>          </ul>\n       </div>\n    </div>\n\n\n\n\n</body>\n</html>\n'

Wow! That’s really hard to read if you’re a human! We’re going to use the BeautifulSoup python package to parse the HTML that we just got. Parsing HTML on your own is not something I recommend; there are already tools that do it correctly, and writing the regular expressions to navigate the tree structure of HTML is simply not worth your time.

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(catalog_html)
print(soup.prettify())

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="no-js" dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
 <head>
  <meta content="IE=Edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"/>
  <title>
   Course Descriptions &lt; Northeastern University Academic Catalog
  </title>
  <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
  <meta content="Northeastern University Academic Catalog" property="og:site_name"/>
  <link href="/search/opensearch.xml" rel="search" title="Catalog" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"/>
  <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/>
  <link href="/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon"/>
  <link href="/css/reset.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
  <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:400,400i,500,500i,700,700i" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
  <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i,900" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
  <link href="/fonts/font-awesome/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
   <link href="/css/courseleaf.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
    <link href="/css/screen.css?v=20220614" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
    <link href="/css/print.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
    <script src="/js/jquery.js" type="text/javascript">
    </script>
    <script src="/js/lfjs.js" type="text/javascript">
    </script>
    <script src="/js/lfjs_any.js" type="text/javascript">
    </script>
    <link href="/js/lfjs.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
    <script src="/js/courseleaf.js" type="text/javascript">
    </script>
    <script src="/js/custom.js?v=20211026" type="text/javascript">
    </script>
    <script>
     (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WGQLLJ');
    </script>
   </link>
  </link>
 </head>
 <body class="">
  <noscript>
   <iframe height="0" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WGQLLJ" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" width="0">
   </iframe>
  </noscript>
  <nav aria-label="Skip content menu" class="accessible">
   <div class="accessible-menu">
    <ul>
     <li>
      <a href="#contentarea" rel="section">
       Skip to Content
      </a>
     </li>
     <li>
      <a href="/azindex/">
       AZ Index
      </a>
     </li>
     <li>
      <a href="/">
       Catalog Home
      </a>
     </li>
     <li>
      <a href="https://northeastern.edu">
       Institution Home
      </a>
     </li>
    </ul>
   </div>
  </nav>
  <header id="header">
   <div class="wrap">
    <div id="logo">
     <a href="https://www.northeastern.edu/">
      <img alt="Northeastern University" src="/images/logo.png"/>
     </a>
    </div>
    <div id="client-search">
     <button aria-controls="client-search-content" aria-expanded="false" id="client-search-toggle" type="button">
      <img alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="/images/search.svg"/>
      <span class="sr-only">
       Toggle Search Visibility
      </span>
     </button>
     <div aria-controls="client-search-content" aria-expanded="true" aria-hidden="true" class="search" id="client-search-content">
      <button id="client-search-close" type="button">
       <span class="sr-only">
        Close Search
       </span>
       <img alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="/images/close.svg">
       </img>
      </button>
      <div class="search" id="cat-search">
       <form action="/search/">
        <label class="sr-only" for="cat-search-term">
         Search catalog
        </label>
        <input class="search-field" id="cat-search-term" name="search" placeholder="Search Catalog" type="text"/>
        <button class="search-button" id="client-search-submit" type="submit">
         Go
        </button>
        <!-- <input type="hidden" name="caturl" value="/course-descriptions" /> -->
       </form>
       <hr/>
      </div>
     </div>
    </div>
   </div>
   <!-- .wrap -->
   <div class="dec">
    <div class="wrap">
     <h2>
      <a href="">
       Academic Catalog 2024-2025
      </a>
     </h2>
    </div>
   </div>
   <nav aria-label="Breadcrumbs" id="breadcrumb">
    <div class="wrap">
     <ul>
      <li>
       <a href="/">
        Home
       </a>
       <span class="crumbsep">
        ›
       </span>
      </li>
      <li>
       <span class="active">
        Course Descriptions
       </span>
      </li>
     </ul>
    </div>
   </nav>
   <div id="site-title">
    <div class="wrap">
     <h1>
      Course Descriptions
     </h1>
    </div>
   </div>
  </header>
  <section id="content-container">
   <div class="wrap">
    <div id="col-nav">
     <button aria-expanded="false" data-toggle="#sidebar" id="sidebar-toggle">
      <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-bars">
      </i>
      <span>
       2024-2025 Edition
      </span>
     </button>
     <aside id="sidebar">
      <div class="sidebar-item">
       <h2 class="sidebar-header" id="edition">
        <a href="/">
         2024-2025 Edition
        </a>
       </h2>
       <nav aria-label="Primary" id="cl-menu">
        <ul class="nav levelzero" id="/">
         <li>
          <a href="/delivery-services/">
           Delivery of Services
          </a>
         </li>
         <li class="isparent">
          <a href="/general-information/">
           General Information
          </a>
         </li>
         <li class="isparent">
          <a href="/undergraduate/">
           Undergraduate
          </a>
         </li>
         <li class="isparent">
          <a href="/professional-studies/">
           College of Professional Studies Undergraduate
          </a>
         </li>
         <li class="isparent">
          <a href="/graduate/">
           Graduate
          </a>
         </li>
         <li class="active isparent self">
          <a href="#" onclick="return false;">
           Course Descriptions
          </a>
          <ul class="nav levelone" id="/course-descriptions/">
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/acct/">
             Accounting (ACCT)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/acc/">
             Accounting -​ CPS (ACC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/avm/">
             Advanced Manufacturing Systems -​ CPS (AVM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/afam/">
             African American Studies (AFAM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/afcs/">
             Africana Studies (AFCS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/afrs/">
             African Studies (AFRS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/amsl/">
             American Sign Language (AMSL)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/aly/">
             Analytics -​ CPS (ALY)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/anth/">
             Anthropology (ANTH)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/ant/">
             Anthropology -​ CPS (ANT)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/apl/">
             Applied Logistics -​ CPS (APL)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/arab/">
             Arabic (ARAB)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/arch/">
             Architecture (ARCH)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/army/">
             Army ROTC (ARMY)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/art/">
             Art -​ CPS (ART)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/artg/">
             Art -​ Design (ARTG)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/artf/">
             Art -​ Fundamentals (ARTF)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/arte/">
             Art -​ General (ARTE)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/arth/">
             Art -​ History (ARTH)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/artd/">
             Art -​ Media Arts (ARTD)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/arts/">
             Art -​ Studio (ARTS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/aace/">
             Arts Administration and Cultural Entrepreneurship (AACE)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/asns/">
             Asian Studies (ASNS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/bnsc/">
             Behavioral Neuroscience (BNSC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/bioc/">
             Biochemistry (BIOC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/bioe/">
             Bioengineering (BIOE)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/binf/">
             Bioinformatics (BINF)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/biol/">
             Biology (BIOL)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/bio/">
             Biology -​ CPS (BIO)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/biot/">
             Biotechnology (BIOT)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/btc/">
             Biotechnology -​ CPS (BTC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/busn/">
             Business Administration (BUSN)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/exsc/">
             Cardiopulmonary and Exercise Science (EXSC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/chme/">
             Chemical Engineering (CHME)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/chm/">
             Chemistry -​ CPS (CHM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/chem/">
             Chemistry and Chemical Biology (CHEM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/chns/">
             Chinese (CHNS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/cive/">
             Civil and Environmental Engineering (CIVE)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/eeam/">
             Co-​op/​Experiential Education in Arts, Media, and Design (EEAM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/eeba/">
             Co-​op/​Experiential Education in Business (EEBA)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/eesc/">
             Co-​op/​Experiential Education in Science (EESC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/eesh/">
             Co-​op/​Experiential Education in Social Sciences and Humanities (EESH)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/ced/">
             Commerce and Economic Development -​ CPS (CED)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/comm/">
             Communication Studies (COMM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/cmn/">
             Communication Studies -​ CPS (CMN)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/cmmn/">
             Communication Studies -​ CPS Specialty (CMMN)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/cet/">
             Computer Engineering Technology -​ CPS (CET)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/cs/">
             Computer Science (CS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/csye/">
             Computer Systems Engineering (CSYE)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/cmg/">
             Construction Management -​ CPS (CMG)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/coop/">
             Cooperative Education (COOP)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/cop/">
             Cooperative Education -​ CPS (COP)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/exed/">
             Cooperative/​Experiential Education (EXED)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/inno/">
             Corporate Innovation (INNO)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/caep/">
             Counseling and Applied Educational Psychology (CAEP)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/crte/">
             Creative Technologies (CRTE)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/crim/">
             Criminal Justice (CRIM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/cjs/">
             Criminal Justice -​ CPS (CJS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/cltr/">
             Culture (CLTR)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/cy/">
             Cybersecurity (CY)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/da/">
             Data Analytics (DA)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/damg/">
             Data Architecture Management (DAMG)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/ds/">
             Data Science (DS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/deaf/">
             Deaf Studies (DEAF)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/dgm/">
             Digital Media -​ CPS (DGM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/dgtr/">
             Digital Transformation (DGTR)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/envr/">
             Earth and Environmental Sciences (ENVR)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/esc/">
             Earth Sciences -​ CPS (ESC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/eemb/">
             Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology (EEMB)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/econ/">
             Economics (ECON)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/ecn/">
             Economics -​ CPS (ECN)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/ecnm/">
             Economics -​ CPS Specialty (ECNM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/educ/">
             Education (EDUC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/edu/">
             Education -​ CPS (EDU)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/eece/">
             Electrical and Computer Engineering (EECE)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/eet/">
             Electrical Engineering Technology -​ CPS (EET)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/ensy/">
             Energy Systems (ENSY)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/encp/">
             Engineering Cooperative Education (ENCP)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/engr/">
             Engineering Interdisciplinary (ENGR)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/enlr/">
             Engineering Leadership (ENLR)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/emgt/">
             Engineering Management (EMGT)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/engl/">
             English (ENGL)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/eng/">
             English -​ CPS (ENG)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/eslg/">
             English as a Second Language -​ CPS Specialty (ESLG)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/esl/">
             English as Second Language -​ CPS (ESL)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/engw/">
             English Writing (ENGW)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/eai/">
             Enterprise Artificial Intelligence (EAI)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/entr/">
             Entrepreneurship and Innovation (ENTR)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/envs/">
             Environmental Studies (ENVS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/exre/">
             Extended Realities (EXRE)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/fin/">
             Finance -​ CPS (FIN)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/fina/">
             Finance and Insurance (FINA)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/fsem/">
             First-​Year Seminar (FSEM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/frnh/">
             French (FRNH)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/game/">
             Game Design (GAME)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/gsnd/">
             Game Science and Design (GSND)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/ge/">
             General Engineering (GE)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/get/">
             General Engineering Technology -​ CPS (GET)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/gens/">
             General Studies (GENS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/gis/">
             Geographic Information Systems -​ CPS (GIS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/grmn/">
             German (GRMN)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/gst/">
             Global Studies -​ CPS (GST)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/gbst/">
             Global Studies (GBST)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/hinf/">
             Health Informatics (HINF)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/hmg/">
             Health Management -​ CPS (HMG)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/hsci/">
             Health Science (HSCI)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/hsc/">
             Health Science -​ CPS (HSC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/hlth/">
             Health Science -​ Interdisciplinary (HLTH)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/hbrw/">
             Hebrew (HBRW)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/hist/">
             History (HIST)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/hst/">
             History -​ CPS (HST)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/hsty/">
             History -​ CPS Specialty (HSTY)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/hls/">
             Homeland Security -​ CPS (HLS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/honr/">
             Honors Program (HONR)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/hrmg/">
             Human Resources Management (HRMG)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/hrm/">
             Human Resources Management -​ CPS (HRM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/husv/">
             Human Services (HUSV)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/hsv/">
             Human Services -​ CPS (HSV)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/ie/">
             Industrial Engineering (IE)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/is/">
             Information Science (IS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/info/">
             Information Systems Program (INFO)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/itc/">
             Information Technology -​ CPS (ITC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/ins/">
             Insurance -​ CPS (INS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/int/">
             Interdisciplinary Studies -​ CPS (INT)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/inam/">
             Interdisciplinary Studies in Arts, Media, and Design (INAM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/insc/">
             Interdisciplinary Studies in Science (INSC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/insh/">
             Interdisciplinary Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities (INSH)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/inmi/">
             Interdisciplinary Studies -​ Mills College at Northeastern (INMI)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/inpr/">
             Interdisciplinary Studies -​ Office of the Provost (INPR)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/intl/">
             International Affairs (INTL)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/intb/">
             International Business (INTB)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/intp/">
             Interpreting (INTP)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/itln/">
             Italian (ITLN)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/jpns/">
             Japanese (JPNS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/jwss/">
             Jewish Studies (JWSS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/jrnl/">
             Journalism (JRNL)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/kore/">
             Korean (KORE)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/larc/">
             Landscape Architecture (LARC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/lacs/">
             Latin American and Caribbean Studies (LACS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/lw/">
             Law (for Non-​Law School Students) (LW)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/law/">
             Law (LAW)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/lwp/">
             Law and Policy -​ CPS (LWP)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/lpsc/">
             Law and Public Policy (LPSC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/ldr/">
             Leadership Studies -​ CPS (LDR)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/ls/">
             Legal Studies (LS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/lst/">
             Liberal Studies -​ CPS (LST)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/ling/">
             Linguistics (LING)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/mgmt/">
             Management (MGMT)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/mgt/">
             Management -​ CPS (MGT)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/mism/">
             Management Information Systems (MISM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/mgsc/">
             Management Science (MGSC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/mecn/">
             Managerial Economics (MECN)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/mktg/">
             Marketing (MKTG)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/mkt/">
             Marketing -​ CPS (MKT)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/matl/">
             Materials Engineering (MATL)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/math/">
             Mathematics (MATH)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/mth/">
             Mathematics -​ CPS (MTH)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/matm/">
             Mathematics -​ CPS Specialty (MATM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/meie/">
             Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (MEIE)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/me/">
             Mechanical Engineering (ME)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/met/">
             Mechanical Engineering Technology -​ CPS (MET)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/mscr/">
             Media and Screen Studies (MSCR)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/msci/">
             Medical Sciences (MSCI)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/mils/">
             Mills College Transfer (MILS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/musc/">
             Music (MUSC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/mus/">
             Music -​ CPS (MUS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/musi/">
             Music Industry (MUSI)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/must/">
             Music Technology (MUST)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/nnmd/">
             Nanomedicine (NNMD)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/nets/">
             Network Science (NETS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/npm/">
             Nonprofit Management -​ CPS (NPM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/nrsg/">
             Nursing (NRSG)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/ntr/">
             Nutrition -​ CPS (NTR)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/or/">
             Operations Research (OR)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/orgb/">
             Organizational Behavior (ORGB)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/phsc/">
             Pharmaceutical Science (PHSC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/pmst/">
             Pharmaceutics (PMST)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/pmcl/">
             Pharmacology (PMCL)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/phmd/">
             Pharmacy Practice (PHMD)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/phdl/">
             PhD Experiential Leadership (PHDL)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/phil/">
             Philosophy (PHIL)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/phl/">
             Philosophy -​ CPS (PHL)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/phls/">
             Philosophy -​ CPS Specialty (PHLS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/pt/">
             Physical Therapy (PT)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/pth/">
             Physical Therapy -​ CPS (PTH)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/pa/">
             Physician Assistant (PA)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/phys/">
             Physics (PHYS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/phy/">
             Physics -​ CPS (PHY)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/pols/">
             Political Science (POLS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/pol/">
             Political Science -​ CPS (POL)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/plsc/">
             Political Science -​ CPS Specialty (PLSC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/port/">
             Portuguese (PORT)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/pjm/">
             Project Management -​ CPS (PJM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/psyc/">
             Psychology (PSYC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/psy/">
             Psychology -​ CPS (PSY)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/phth/">
             Public Health (PHTH)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/ppua/">
             Public Policy and Urban Affairs (PPUA)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/pbr/">
             Public Relations -​ CPS (PBR)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/prel/">
             Public Relations (PREL)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/rga/">
             Regulatory Affairs -​ CPS (RGA)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/rfa/">
             Regulatory Affairs of Food -​ CPS (RFA)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/rms/">
             Remote Sensing -​ CPS (RMS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/rpt/">
             Respiratory Therapy -​ CPS (RPT)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/rssn/">
             Russian (RSSN)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/smt/">
             Sales Management -​ CPS (SMT)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/smfa/">
             School of the Museum of Fine Arts (SMFA)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/socl/">
             Sociology (SOCL)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/soc/">
             Sociology -​ CPS (SOC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/scly/">
             Sociology -​ CPS Specialty (SCLY)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/spns/">
             Spanish (SPNS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/slpa/">
             Speech-​Language Pathology and Audiology (SLPA)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/sia/">
             Strategic Intelligence and Analysis -​ CPS (SIA)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/strt/">
             Strategy (STRT)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/abrd/">
             Study Abroad (ABRD)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/abrb/">
             Study Abroad -​ Business (ABRB)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/abrc/">
             Study Abroad -​ CPS Specialty (ABRC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/abrl/">
             Study Abroad -​ Law (ABRL)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/abrs/">
             Study Abroad -​ Science (ABRS)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/abrh/">
             Study Abroad -​ Social Sciences and Humanities (ABRH)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/abru/">
             Study USA (ABRU)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/schm/">
             Supply Chain Management (SCHM)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/sbsy/">
             Sustainable Building Systems (SBSY)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/suen/">
             Sustainable Urban Environments (SUEN)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/tcc/">
             Technical Communications -​ CPS (TCC)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/tele/">
             Telecommunication Systems (TELE)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/telr/">
             Technology Leadership (TELR)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/thtr/">
             Theatre (THTR)
            </a>
           </li>
           <li>
            <a href="/course-descriptions/wmns/">
             Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (WMNS)
            </a>
           </li>
          </ul>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/archive/">
           Catalog Archives
          </a>
         </li>
         <li class="isparent">
          <a href="/handbook/">
           Student Handbook
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
       </nav>
      </div>
      <button href="#print-dialog" id="print-btn" onclick="showPrintDialog(); return false;">
       <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-print">
       </i>
       Print Options
      </button>
     </aside>
    </div>
    <!-- end col-nav -->
    <div id="col-content">
     <main id="contentarea">
      <div class="page_content" id="textcontainer">
       <div align="center" class="azMenu">
        <ul class="letternav clearfix">
         <li class="inactive">
          #
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#A">
           A
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#B">
           B
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#C">
           C
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#D">
           D
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#E">
           E
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#F">
           F
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#G">
           G
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#H">
           H
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#I">
           I
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#J">
           J
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#K">
           K
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#L">
           L
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#M">
           M
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#N">
           N
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#O">
           O
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#P">
           P
          </a>
         </li>
         <li class="inactive">
          Q
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#R">
           R
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#S">
           S
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#T">
           T
          </a>
         </li>
         <li class="inactive">
          U
         </li>
         <li class="inactive">
          V
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="#W">
           W
          </a>
         </li>
         <li class="inactive">
          X
         </li>
         <li class="inactive">
          Y
         </li>
         <li class="inactive">
          Z
         </li>
        </ul>
       </div>
       <div id="atozindex">
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="A">
         <a name="A">
          A
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/acct/">
           Accounting (ACCT)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/acc/">
           Accounting - CPS (ACC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/avm/">
           Advanced Manufacturing Systems - CPS (AVM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/afam/">
           African American Studies (AFAM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/afcs/">
           Africana Studies (AFCS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/afrs/">
           African Studies (AFRS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/amsl/">
           American Sign Language (AMSL)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/aly/">
           Analytics - CPS (ALY)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/anth/">
           Anthropology (ANTH)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/ant/">
           Anthropology - CPS (ANT)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/apl/">
           Applied Logistics - CPS (APL)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/arab/">
           Arabic (ARAB)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/arch/">
           Architecture (ARCH)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/army/">
           Army ROTC (ARMY)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/art/">
           Art - CPS (ART)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/artg/">
           Art - Design (ARTG)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/artf/">
           Art - Fundamentals (ARTF)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/arte/">
           Art - General (ARTE)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/arth/">
           Art - History (ARTH)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/artd/">
           Art - Media Arts (ARTD)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/aace/">
           Arts Administration and Cultural Entrepreneurship (AACE)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/arts/">
           Art - Studio (ARTS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/asns/">
           Asian Studies (ASNS)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="B">
         <a name="B">
          B
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/bnsc/">
           Behavioral Neuroscience (BNSC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/bioc/">
           Biochemistry (BIOC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/bioe/">
           Bioengineering (BIOE)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/binf/">
           Bioinformatics (BINF)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/biol/">
           Biology (BIOL)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/bio/">
           Biology - CPS (BIO)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/biot/">
           Biotechnology (BIOT)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/btc/">
           Biotechnology - CPS (BTC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/busn/">
           Business Administration (BUSN)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="C">
         <a name="C">
          C
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/exsc/">
           Cardiopulmonary and Exercise Science (EXSC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/chme/">
           Chemical Engineering (CHME)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/chem/">
           Chemistry and Chemical Biology (CHEM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/chm/">
           Chemistry - CPS (CHM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/chns/">
           Chinese (CHNS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/cive/">
           Civil and Environmental Engineering (CIVE)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/ced/">
           Commerce and Economic Development - CPS (CED)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/comm/">
           Communication Studies (COMM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/cmn/">
           Communication Studies - CPS (CMN)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/cmmn/">
           Communication Studies - CPS Specialty (CMMN)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/cet/">
           Computer Engineering Technology - CPS (CET)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/cs/">
           Computer Science (CS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/csye/">
           Computer Systems Engineering (CSYE)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/cmg/">
           Construction Management - CPS (CMG)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/coop/">
           Cooperative Education (COOP)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/cop/">
           Cooperative Education - CPS (COP)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/exed/">
           Cooperative/Experiential Education (EXED)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/eeam/">
           Co-op/Experiential Education in Arts, Media, and Design (EEAM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/eeba/">
           Co-op/Experiential Education in Business (EEBA)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/eesc/">
           Co-op/Experiential Education in Science (EESC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/eesh/">
           Co-op/Experiential Education in Social Sciences and Humanities (EESH)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/inno/">
           Corporate Innovation (INNO)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/caep/">
           Counseling and Applied Educational Psychology (CAEP)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/crte/">
           Creative Technologies (CRTE)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/cjs/">
           Criminal Justice - CPS (CJS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/crim/">
           Criminal Justice (CRIM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/cltr/">
           Culture (CLTR)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/cy/">
           Cybersecurity (CY)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="D">
         <a name="D">
          D
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/da/">
           Data Analytics (DA)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/damg/">
           Data Architecture Management (DAMG)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/ds/">
           Data Science (DS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/deaf/">
           Deaf Studies (DEAF)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/dgm/">
           Digital Media - CPS (DGM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/dgtr/">
           Digital Transformation (DGTR)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="E">
         <a name="E">
          E
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/envr/">
           Earth and Environmental Sciences (ENVR)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/esc/">
           Earth Sciences - CPS (ESC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/eemb/">
           Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology (EEMB)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/ecn/">
           Economics - CPS (ECN)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/ecnm/">
           Economics - CPS Specialty (ECNM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/econ/">
           Economics (ECON)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/edut/">
           Education - California Prepared (EDUT)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/edu/">
           Education - CPS (EDU)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/educ/">
           Education (EDUC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/eece/">
           Electrical and Computer Engineering (EECE)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/eet/">
           Electrical Engineering Technology - CPS (EET)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/ensy/">
           Energy Systems (ENSY)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/encp/">
           Engineering Cooperative Education (ENCP)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/engr/">
           Engineering Interdisciplinary (ENGR)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/enlr/">
           Engineering Leadership (ENLR)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/emgt/">
           Engineering Management (EMGT)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/eslg/">
           English as a Second Language - CPS Specialty (ESLG)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/esl/">
           English as Second Language - CPS (ESL)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/eng/">
           English - CPS (ENG)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/engl/">
           English (ENGL)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/engw/">
           English Writing (ENGW)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/eai/">
           Enterprise Artificial Intelligence (EAI)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/entr/">
           Entrepreneurship and Innovation (ENTR)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/envs/">
           Environmental Studies (ENVS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/exre/">
           Extended Realities (EXRE)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="F">
         <a name="F">
          F
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/fina/">
           Finance and Insurance (FINA)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/fin/">
           Finance - CPS (FIN)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/fsem/">
           First-Year Seminar (FSEM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/frnh/">
           French (FRNH)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="G">
         <a name="G">
          G
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/game/">
           Game Design (GAME)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/gsnd/">
           Game Science and Design (GSND)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/ge/">
           General Engineering (GE)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/get/">
           General Engineering Technology - CPS (GET)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/gens/">
           General Studies (GENS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/gis/">
           Geographic Information Systems - CPS (GIS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/grmn/">
           German (GRMN)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/gst/">
           Global Studies - CPS (GST)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/gbst/">
           Global Studies (GBST)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="H">
         <a name="H">
          H
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/hinf/">
           Health Informatics (HINF)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/hmg/">
           Health Management - CPS (HMG)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/hsc/">
           Health Science - CPS (HSC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/hsci/">
           Health Science (HSCI)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/hlth/">
           Health Science - Interdisciplinary (HLTH)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/hbrw/">
           Hebrew (HBRW)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/hst/">
           History - CPS (HST)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/hsty/">
           History - CPS Specialty (HSTY)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/hist/">
           History (HIST)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/hls/">
           Homeland Security - CPS (HLS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/honr/">
           Honors Program (HONR)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/hrm/">
           Human Resources Management - CPS (HRM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/hrmg/">
           Human Resources Management (HRMG)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/hsv/">
           Human Services - CPS (HSV)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/husv/">
           Human Services (HUSV)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="I">
         <a name="I">
          I
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/ie/">
           Industrial Engineering (IE)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/is/">
           Information Science (IS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/info/">
           Information Systems Program (INFO)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/itc/">
           Information Technology - CPS (ITC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/ins/">
           Insurance - CPS (INS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/int/">
           Interdisciplinary Studies - CPS (INT)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/inam/">
           Interdisciplinary Studies in Arts, Media, and Design (INAM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/insc/">
           Interdisciplinary Studies in Science (INSC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/insh/">
           Interdisciplinary Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities (INSH)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/inmi/">
           Interdisciplinary Studies - Mills College at Northeastern (INMI)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/inpr/">
           Interdisciplinary Studies - Office of the Provost (INPR)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/intl/">
           International Affairs (INTL)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/intb/">
           International Business (INTB)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/intp/">
           Interpreting (INTP)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/itln/">
           Italian (ITLN)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="J">
         <a name="J">
          J
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/jpns/">
           Japanese (JPNS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/jwss/">
           Jewish Studies (JWSS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/jrnl/">
           Journalism (JRNL)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="K">
         <a name="K">
          K
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/kore/">
           Korean (KORE)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="L">
         <a name="L">
          L
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/larc/">
           Landscape Architecture (LARC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/lacs/">
           Latin American and Caribbean Studies (LACS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/lwp/">
           Law and Policy - CPS (LWP)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/lpsc/">
           Law and Public Policy (LPSC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/lw/">
           Law (for Non-Law School Students) (LW)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/law/">
           Law (LAW)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/ldr/">
           Leadership Studies - CPS (LDR)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/ls/">
           Legal Studies (LS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/lst/">
           Liberal Studies - CPS (LST)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/ling/">
           Linguistics (LING)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="M">
         <a name="M">
          M
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/mgt/">
           Management - CPS (MGT)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/mism/">
           Management Information Systems (MISM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/mgmt/">
           Management (MGMT)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/mgsc/">
           Management Science (MGSC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/mecn/">
           Managerial Economics (MECN)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/mkt/">
           Marketing - CPS (MKT)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/mktg/">
           Marketing (MKTG)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/matl/">
           Materials Engineering (MATL)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/mth/">
           Mathematics - CPS (MTH)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/matm/">
           Mathematics - CPS Specialty (MATM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/math/">
           Mathematics (MATH)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/meie/">
           Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (MEIE)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/me/">
           Mechanical Engineering (ME)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/met/">
           Mechanical Engineering Technology - CPS (MET)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/mscr/">
           Media and Screen Studies (MSCR)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/msci/">
           Medical Sciences (MSCI)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/mils/">
           Mills College Transfer (MILS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/mus/">
           Music - CPS (MUS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/musi/">
           Music Industry (MUSI)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/musc/">
           Music (MUSC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/must/">
           Music Technology (MUST)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="N">
         <a name="N">
          N
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/nnmd/">
           Nanomedicine (NNMD)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/nets/">
           Network Science (NETS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/npm/">
           Nonprofit Management - CPS (NPM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/nrsg/">
           Nursing (NRSG)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/ntr/">
           Nutrition - CPS (NTR)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="O">
         <a name="O">
          O
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/or/">
           Operations Research (OR)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/orgb/">
           Organizational Behavior (ORGB)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="P">
         <a name="P">
          P
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/phsc/">
           Pharmaceutical Science (PHSC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/pmst/">
           Pharmaceutics (PMST)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/pmcl/">
           Pharmacology (PMCL)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/phmd/">
           Pharmacy Practice (PHMD)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/phdl/">
           PhD Experiential Leadership (PHDL)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/phl/">
           Philosophy - CPS (PHL)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/phls/">
           Philosophy - CPS Specialty (PHLS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/phil/">
           Philosophy (PHIL)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/pth/">
           Physical Therapy - CPS (PTH)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/pt/">
           Physical Therapy (PT)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/pa/">
           Physician Assistant (PA)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/phy/">
           Physics - CPS (PHY)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/phys/">
           Physics (PHYS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/pol/">
           Political Science - CPS (POL)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/plsc/">
           Political Science - CPS Specialty (PLSC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/pols/">
           Political Science (POLS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/port/">
           Portuguese (PORT)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/pjm/">
           Project Management - CPS (PJM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/psy/">
           Psychology - CPS (PSY)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/psyc/">
           Psychology (PSYC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/phth/">
           Public Health (PHTH)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/ppua/">
           Public Policy and Urban Affairs (PPUA)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/pbr/">
           Public Relations - CPS (PBR)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/prel/">
           Public Relations (PREL)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="R">
         <a name="R">
          R
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/rga/">
           Regulatory Affairs - CPS (RGA)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/rfa/">
           Regulatory Affairs of Food - CPS (RFA)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/rms/">
           Remote Sensing - CPS (RMS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/rpt/">
           Respiratory Therapy - CPS (RPT)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/rssn/">
           Russian (RSSN)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="S">
         <a name="S">
          S
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/smt/">
           Sales Management - CPS (SMT)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/smfa/">
           School of the Museum of Fine Arts (SMFA)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/soc/">
           Sociology - CPS (SOC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/scly/">
           Sociology - CPS Specialty (SCLY)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/socl/">
           Sociology (SOCL)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/spns/">
           Spanish (SPNS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/slpa/">
           Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology (SLPA)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/sia/">
           Strategic Intelligence and Analysis - CPS (SIA)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/strt/">
           Strategy (STRT)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/abrd/">
           Study Abroad (ABRD)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/abrb/">
           Study Abroad - Business (ABRB)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/abrc/">
           Study Abroad - CPS Specialty (ABRC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/abrl/">
           Study Abroad - Law (ABRL)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/abrs/">
           Study Abroad - Science (ABRS)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/abrh/">
           Study Abroad - Social Sciences and Humanities (ABRH)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/abru/">
           Study USA (ABRU)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/schm/">
           Supply Chain Management (SCHM)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/sbsy/">
           Sustainable Building Systems (SBSY)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/suen/">
           Sustainable Urban Environments (SUEN)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="T">
         <a name="T">
          T
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/tcc/">
           Technical Communications - CPS (TCC)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/telr/">
           Technology Leadership (TELR)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/tele/">
           Telecommunication Systems (TELE)
          </a>
         </li>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/thtr/">
           Theatre (THTR)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
        <h2 class="letternav-head" id="W">
         <a name="W">
          W
         </a>
        </h2>
        <ul>
         <li>
          <a href="/course-descriptions/wmns/">
           Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (WMNS)
          </a>
         </li>
        </ul>
       </div>
      </div>
      <!--end #textcontainer -->
     </main>
    </div>
    <!-- end col-content -->
   </div>
  </section>
  <footer id="footer">
   <div class="wrap">
    <div class="left">
     <h3>
      Campus Locations
     </h3>
     <ul class="locations">
      <li>
       <a href="https://arlington.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
        Arlington
        <br/>
        <span class="state-code">
         VA
        </span>
        <span class="sr-only">
         Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://www.northeastern.edu/campuses/boston/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
        Boston
        <br/>
        <span class="state-code">
         MA
        </span>
        <span class="sr-only">
         Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://www.burlington.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
        Burlington
        <br/>
        <span class="state-code">
         MA
        </span>
        <span class="sr-only">
         Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://charlotte.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
        Charlotte
        <br/>
        <span class="state-code">
         NC
        </span>
        <span class="sr-only">
         Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://www.nchlondon.ac.uk/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
        London
        <br/>
        <span class="state-code">
         UK
        </span>
        <span class="sr-only">
         Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://miami.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
        Miami
        <br/>
        <span class="state-code">
         FL
        </span>
        <span class="sr-only">
         Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://csi.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
        Nahant
        <br/>
        <span class="state-code">
         MA
        </span>
        <span class="sr-only">
         Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://oakland.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
        Oakland
        <br/>
        <span class="state-code">
         CA
        </span>
        <span class="sr-only">
         Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://roux.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
        Portland
        <br/>
        <span class="state-code">
         ME
        </span>
        <span class="sr-only">
         Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://seattle.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
        Seattle
        <br/>
        <span class="state-code">
         WA
        </span>
        <span class="sr-only">
         Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://siliconvalley.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
        Silicon Valley
        <br/>
        <span class="state-code">
         CA
        </span>
        <span class="sr-only">
         Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://toronto.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
        Toronto
        <br/>
        <span class="state-code">
         ON
        </span>
        <span class="sr-only">
         Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://vancouver.northeastern.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
        Vancouver
        <br/>
        <span class="state-code">
         BC
        </span>
        <span class="sr-only">
         Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
     </ul>
     <hr>
      <div class="quick-links">
       <h3>
        Quick Links
       </h3>
       <ul>
        <li>
         <a href="https://registrar.northeastern.edu/" target="_blank">
          Registrar
          <span class="sr-only">
           Opens New Window
          </span>
         </a>
        </li>
        <li>
         <a href="https://nu.outsystemsenterprise.com/FSD/" target="_blank">
          Directory
          <span class="sr-only">
           Opens New Window
          </span>
         </a>
        </li>
        <li>
         <a href="https://library.northeastern.edu/" target="_blank">
          Libraries
          <span class="sr-only">
           Opens New Window
          </span>
         </a>
        </li>
        <li>
         <a href="https://www.northeastern.edu/emergency-information/" target="_blank">
          Emergency Information
          <span class="sr-only">
           Opens New Window
          </span>
         </a>
        </li>
        <li>
         <a href="https://www.northeastern.edu/privacy-information" target="_blank">
          Privacy Policy
          <span class="sr-only">
           Opens New Window
          </span>
         </a>
        </li>
        <li>
         <a href="https://digital-accessibility.northeastern.edu/" target="_blank">
          Accessibility
          <span class="sr-only">
           Opens New Window
          </span>
         </a>
        </li>
       </ul>
      </div>
     </hr>
    </div>
    <div class="right">
     <ul class="socials">
      <li>
       <a href="https://www.facebook.com/northeastern/" target="_blank">
        <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="24" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
         <path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z">
         </path>
        </svg>
        <span class="sr-only">
         Facebook. Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://x.com/Northeastern" target="_blank">
        <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="24" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
         <path d="M13.982 10.622 20.54 3h-1.554l-5.693 6.618L8.745 3H3.5l6.876 10.007L3.5 21h1.554l6.012-6.989L15.868 21h5.245l-7.131-10.378Zm-2.128 2.474-.697-.997-5.543-7.93H8l4.474 6.4.697.996 5.815 8.318h-2.387l-4.745-6.787Z">
         </path>
        </svg>
        <span class="sr-only">
         X. Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/Northeastern" target="_blank">
        <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="24" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
         <path d="M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z">
         </path>
        </svg>
        <span class="sr-only">
         YouTube. Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/school/northeastern-university/" target="_blank">
        <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="24" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
         <path d="M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z">
         </path>
        </svg>
        <span class="sr-only">
         Linkedin. Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://www.instagram.com/northeastern/" target="_blank">
        <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="24" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
         <path d="M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z">
         </path>
        </svg>
        <span class="sr-only">
         Instagram. Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
      <li>
       <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@northeasternu" target="_blank">
        <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="24" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 32 32" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
         <path d="M16.708 0.027c1.745-0.027 3.48-0.011 5.213-0.027 0.105 2.041 0.839 4.12 2.333 5.563 1.491 1.479 3.6 2.156 5.652 2.385v5.369c-1.923-0.063-3.855-0.463-5.6-1.291-0.76-0.344-1.468-0.787-2.161-1.24-0.009 3.896 0.016 7.787-0.025 11.667-0.104 1.864-0.719 3.719-1.803 5.255-1.744 2.557-4.771 4.224-7.88 4.276-1.907 0.109-3.812-0.411-5.437-1.369-2.693-1.588-4.588-4.495-4.864-7.615-0.032-0.667-0.043-1.333-0.016-1.984 0.24-2.537 1.495-4.964 3.443-6.615 2.208-1.923 5.301-2.839 8.197-2.297 0.027 1.975-0.052 3.948-0.052 5.923-1.323-0.428-2.869-0.308-4.025 0.495-0.844 0.547-1.485 1.385-1.819 2.333-0.276 0.676-0.197 1.427-0.181 2.145 0.317 2.188 2.421 4.027 4.667 3.828 1.489-0.016 2.916-0.88 3.692-2.145 0.251-0.443 0.532-0.896 0.547-1.417 0.131-2.385 0.079-4.76 0.095-7.145 0.011-5.375-0.016-10.735 0.025-16.093z">
         </path>
        </svg>
        <span class="sr-only">
         TikTok.  Opens New Window
        </span>
       </a>
      </li>
     </ul>
     <p>
      Copyright 2024-2025 Northeastern University
     </p>
    </div>
   </div>
   <a href="#header" id="totop">
    <span class="sr-only">
     Back to top
    </span>
   </a>
  </footer>
  <div aria-labelledby="dialog-title" class="screen" id="print-dialog" role="dialog">
   <div class="print-header">
    <button aria-controls="#print-dialog" onclick="hidePrintDialog(); return false;">
     <span class="sr-only">
      Close this window
     </span>
    </button>
    <h2 id="dialog-title">
     Print Options
    </h2>
   </div>
   <div class="print-body">
    <ul>
     <li>
      <p>
       <a class="option-name" href="#" onclick="hidePrintDialog();window.print();return false" role="button">
        Send Page to Printer
       </a>
      </p>
      <p class="option-desc">
       Print this page.
      </p>
     </li>
     <li>
      <p>
       <a class="option-name" href="/course-descriptions/course-descriptions.pdf" role="button">
        Download Page (PDF)
       </a>
      </p>
      <p class="option-desc">
       The PDF will include all information unique to this page.
      </p>
     </li>
     <li>
      <p>
       <a class="option-name" href="/pdf/Northeastern University 2023-2024 Undergraduate Day Catalog.pdf" target="_blank">
        2023-24 Undergraduate Day PDF
       </a>
      </p>
     </li>
     <li>
      <p>
       <a class="option-name" href="/pdf/Northeastern University 2023-2024 CPS Undergraduate Catalog.pdf" target="_blank">
        2023-24 CPS Undergraduate PDF
       </a>
      </p>
     </li>
     <li>
      <p>
       <a class="option-name" href="/pdf/Northeastern University 2023-2024 Graduate Catalog.pdf" target="_blank">
        2023-24 Graduate/Law PDF
       </a>
      </p>
     </li>
     <li>
      <p>
       <a class="option-name" href="/pdf/Northeastern University 2023-2024 Course Descriptions.pdf" target="_blank">
        2023-24 Course Descriptions PDF
       </a>
      </p>
     </li>
    </ul>
   </div>
  </div>
 </body>
</html>

Reading HTML with BeautifulSoup#

As you can see, BeautifulSoup puts the HTML in a much neater format. We can also use it to programatically navigate the HTML document we’re seeing. Let’s open up the course catalog in our browser and use the “inspect element”/”inspect” tool in our browser to see exactly which parts of the HTML are responsible for important chunks of the content we’re seeing.

Right-click on the title (“Course Descriptions”) and use the menu that appears to open up the inspect tool. Here’s what this looks like in Firefox: Screenshot of Firefox inspect element

We know that the element containing the large words “Course Description” is an h1 element (header font) wrapped in a div whose ID is site-title. div tags denote separate divisions or sections within an HTML document. Let’s use BeautifulSoup to find this particular element and see what’s nested inside it:

site_title_div = soup.find('div', id="site-title")
print('this is the entire div in question:')
print(site_title_div)
print('\n and this is the H1 element:')
print(site_title_div.h1)
print('\n and here is the text we actually see in our browser:')
print(site_title_div.h1.string)

this is the entire div in question:
<div id="site-title">
<div class="wrap">
<h1>
                Course Descriptions
            </h1>
</div>
</div>

 and this is the H1 element:
<h1>
                Course Descriptions
            </h1>

 and here is the text we actually see in our browser:

                Course Descriptions
            

We can use BeautifulSoup to navigate the HTML document! Let’s try looking at a bunch of links and play around with navigating them. Specifically, we’re going to look at the different departments with courses listed in the course catalog. Let’s start by inspecting the first linked department, Accounting: inspecting the element containing the link to Accounting

The department links appear to be nested inside a div whose ID is atozindex. Inside this div, if we scroll through the inspector console, we’ll see a bunch of ul elements (ul makes an unordered (bulleted) list) alternating with h2 elements, one each for each letter of the alphabet. The ul and h2 elements for the alphabetical department listings

Let’s pull out the div we’re interested in and look at all the ul elements nested inside it. Inside each ul are the links to all the departments starting with a particular letter.

soup_alpha_div = soup.find('div', id="atozindex")
print('This is the first ul element:')
first_ul = soup_alpha_div.find('ul')
print(first_ul)
print('\n And this is the first list (li) element within the list:')
first_bullet = first_ul.find('li')
print(first_bullet)
print('\n Finally, we can get the link and its href (the partial URL that points to the accounting courses):')
print(first_bullet.a.get('href'))

This is the first ul element:
<ul>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/acct/">Accounting (ACCT)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/acc/">Accounting - CPS (ACC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/avm/">Advanced Manufacturing Systems - CPS (AVM)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/afam/">African American Studies (AFAM)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/afcs/">Africana Studies (AFCS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/afrs/">African Studies (AFRS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/amsl/">American Sign Language (AMSL)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/aly/">Analytics - CPS (ALY)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/anth/">Anthropology (ANTH)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/ant/">Anthropology - CPS (ANT)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/apl/">Applied Logistics - CPS (APL)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/arab/">Arabic (ARAB)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/arch/">Architecture (ARCH)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/army/">Army ROTC (ARMY)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/art/">Art - CPS (ART)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/artg/">Art - Design (ARTG)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/artf/">Art - Fundamentals (ARTF)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/arte/">Art - General (ARTE)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/arth/">Art - History (ARTH)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/artd/">Art - Media Arts (ARTD)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/aace/">Arts Administration and Cultural Entrepreneurship (AACE)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/arts/">Art - Studio (ARTS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/asns/">Asian Studies (ASNS)</a></li>
</ul>

 And this is the first list (li) element within the list:
<li><a href="/course-descriptions/acct/">Accounting (ACCT)</a></li>

 Finally, we can get the link and its href (the partial URL that points to the accounting courses):
/course-descriptions/acct/

If we want to get all items matching a description, we use the find_all function. Let’s look at all the bulleted lists of departments and get the links that point to their courses:

department_hrefs = []
for ul in soup_alpha_div.find_all('ul'):
    for li in ul.find_all('li'):
        department_hrefs.append(li.a.get('href'))

We can use these hrefs (which are partial URLs) to navigate programatically to a specific department’s courses. Let’s pick a random department href and navigate to its course descriptions:

import random
my_href = random.choice(department_hrefs)

my_full_url = 'https://catalog.northeastern.edu' + my_href
print(my_full_url)
dept_html = requests.get(my_full_url).text

https://catalog.northeastern.edu/course-descriptions/lst/

Scraping Course Descriptions#

Using the URL for your randomly selected department and the skills you’ve just learned, see if you can gather up some course titles and descriptions. What would be a good way to store this data? Does your answer change if you just need to plug the data into a function versus needing to send the data to a colleague?

# Your Turn!
def get_course_titles_and_descriptions(dept_html):
    """
    Given a string of raw html (dept_html) that contains a department's course titles and descriptions,
    return a useful data structure that contains only the titles and descriptions. 
    """
    pass

Bonus Fun:#

Can you find the links to the prerequisites for a course in your data structure and retrieve the prerequisites’ descriptions if they are in the same department?

Word Frequency & Co-Occurrence#

We have functionality to obtain course descriptions, so let’s put it to use. For a particular department’s course listings, let’s look at what words they use most often. To do this, we’ll make use of two neat tricks: the split method for strings and collections.counter.

To split up a string by any delimiter, we can use split. By default, my_string.split() will split a string at space characters, returning a list of the chunks that were separated by space characters before. If you want to use a different delimiter, like a comma, you can use my_string.split(","). Delimiters can also be more than one character; a common one is a comma followed by a space. Additionally, if you have extra whitespace on either side of a string after you split it up, you can use my_chunk.strip() to strip leading & trailing whitespace.

We’ll also want to make sure that uppercase versions of a word are indexed the same as lowercase versions of the same word, so we’ll use my_string.lower() to make sure all words are in lowercase.

And recall that collections.counter can count up how many instances of each unique item shows up in an iterable (like a list).

my_string = "whale dolphin fish shark"
print(my_string.split())
my_other_string = "whale,dolphin,fish,shark"
print(my_other_string.split(','))
my_next_string = "whale, dolphin, fish, shark"
print(my_next_string.split(', '))

my_string_with_spaces = '  whale '
print('my string is ' + my_string_with_spaces)
print('my string is ' + my_string_with_spaces.strip())

uppercase_string = "WHALE"
print(uppercase_string.lower())

['whale', 'dolphin', 'fish', 'shark']
['whale', 'dolphin', 'fish', 'shark']
['whale', 'dolphin', 'fish', 'shark']
my string is   whale 
my string is whale
whale

Word Frequency#

Now we’ll write a function that takes the output of the last function you wrote, get_course_titles_and_descriptions, and returns a dict of word frequencies. We’ll also remove stopwords, which are words that are so commonly used they don’t tell us much about the text. These are words like “an”, “and”, “the”, “than”, etc. (We sourced our stopwords from this repo). Can you make a histogram of the top 10 most frequently used words in your list of course descriptions?

# Your Turn!
STOPWORDS = set()
with open('data/stopwords-en.txt', 'r') as f:
    for line in f.readlines():
        STOPWORDS.add(line.strip())
        
def get_word_frequencies_from_all_course_descriptions(course_descriptions):
    """
    Given a list of course descriptions, return a dict of word usage frequencies. 
    
    Input: course_descriptions, a list of strings
    Output: word_freqs, a dict mapping words (lowercased) to integer frequency counts.
    """
    pass

# Your Turn Again!
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# plt.bar(top_ten_words, top_ten_word_counts)

Word Co-Occurrence#

Another interesting thing we can do is create a data structure for word co-occurrence – which words show up in the same course description a lot of the time? Given that same list of course descriptions, let’s create a data structure that keeps track of which words appear frequently in the same description. I recommend using a matrix or a nested dictionary; both have upsides and drawbacks. Which pair of words occurs together the most frequently?

# Your Turn!
def get_word_co_occurrences_from_all_course_descriptions(course_descriptions):
    """
    Given a list of course descriptions, return a data structure with word co-occurrence counts.
    
    Input: course_descriptions, a list of strings
    Output: a data structure of your choice indicating word co-occurrences.
    """
    pass

Resources & Acknowledgements#

The description of the robots.txt file we use in this lesson comes from Dr. Matteo Chinazzi and Dr. Qian Zhang’s 2018 rendition of this course.

A more in-depth view on how websites work

Selenium is a package that lets you programatically simulate using a browser to scrape and interact with websites; it’s handy for interacting with the Javascript elements of websites, for example.

nltk, or the Natural Language Toolkit, is a Python package for cleaning and parsing text (natural language) data. If you’re interested in diving into natural language processing more, NLTK is a great first step.

Class 5: Scraping Web Data 1 - BeautifulSoup & HTML

Contents

Class 5: Scraping Web Data 1 - BeautifulSoup & HTML#

Goals of today’s class#

How do websites work?#

What is the “backend” of a website?#

What is the “frontend” of a website?#

HTML#

This is a header!

This is a heading!

This has a link!

Ways to access a website#

Visiting the website via a browser#

Using a website’s API#

Scraping a website#

How do we scrape a website?#

First, we practice good robot citizenship via the robots.txt file!#

Let’s check out the robots.txt for Northeastern’s course catalog using the requests package.#

Actually Scraping Data#

Reading HTML with BeautifulSoup#

Scraping Course Descriptions#

Bonus Fun:#

Word Frequency & Co-Occurrence#

Word Frequency#

Word Co-Occurrence#

Resources & Acknowledgements#

First, we practice good robot citizenship via the `robots.txt` file!#

Let’s check out the `robots.txt` for Northeastern’s course catalog using the `requests` package.#